Case Report of Six Sigma at Academic Medical Hospital Essay

Six Sigma is a business the board technique intended to address client issues and procedure ability. Six Sigma tries to improve the nature of procedure yields by distinguishing and expelling the reasons for abandons and limiting fluctuation in assembling and business forms. It utilizes a methodical undertaking focused style through characterize, measure, break down, improve, and control (DMAIC) cycle, including factual apparatuses, and makes an exceptional framework of individuals inside the association (like â€Å"Black Belts†, â€Å"Green Belts†, and so forth.) who are specialists in these strategies. Every Six Sigma venture completed inside an association follows a characterized succession of steps and has measured money related targets (cost decrease, benefit increment, and so on). Outline: Project name: Six Sigma at Academic Medical Hospital (AMH) Problem: Patients with conceivably life-threating wounds and diseases are sitting tight for longer than an hour for tre atment in Emergency Department at AMH! Albeit significant delay times appeared to be promptly pardons by numerous doctors because of multifaceted nature of overseeing crisis room and forms and clinical staff, it is as yet inadmissible for the patients. Targets: help Emergency Department (ED) at Academic Medical Hospital (AMH) to lessen the hold up time Method: organizing Six Sigma at AMH and setting up a Six Sigma Foundations Teams, which attempt an application practicum on a doled out AMH venture with, coordinate mentors going about as mentors. Six Sigma Foundation TEAM: Champion: Dr. Elbridge (builds up business targets and makes a situation inside the association to advance the Six Sigma strategy and devices) Support: Dr. Terry Hamilton (key communicator and affirms last suggestion) Owner: Nancy Jenkins (usage and responsible for supporting long haul increases) Black Belts: Jane McCrea (venture pioneers who are specialists in Six Sigma technique and factual device applications) Green Belts: Dr. James Wilson (prepared by six Sigma procedure from medical clinic) The Foundations Team: (a gathering of neighborhood specialists who take an interest in the undertaking) &4 individuals (Nancy Jenkins, Patient Care Manager; Georgia Williams, ED enrollment Manager; Bill Barber, senior Clinician; and Steve Small, Senior Clinician and Quality Improvement Coordinator) Seven Process Steps and Activities for patients at the Emergency Department: Triage: The Nurse total a starter appraisal of the patient’s condition and positions his criticality in like manner; Register: The Nurse get segment and protection data; Lobby: The Patient sit tight for the medical attendant call your name; Tx Room& Nurse: The patient do testing and get the outcomes; MD: The patient sit tight for specialists. Questions: Q1.Describe how Six Sigma Methodology (DMAIC) is actualized in the â€Å"ED Wait Time Project.† As expressed, Six Sigma depends on a 5 stage, bit by bit process that was utilized in the â€Å"ED Wait Time Project.† In the Define stage the group recognized expected advantages of the task including sped up clinical consideration conveyance, improved patient fulfillment, decreased patient grumblings, expanded patient limit and improved operational effectiveness. Proceeding onward to the Measure stage, the group decided the pattern measures and the objective execution of the first procedure just as characterized the information/yield factors. They gathered 2 gatherings of informational indexes just as controlled a patient fulfillment o verview, which created the greatest hang tight occasions for patients. During the Analyze stage the group at that point broke down the benchmark study and found that two procedures principally impacted the hold up time; the lounge area time and the time spent looking out for the MD. As the ED Wait Time Foundations group proceeded onward to the Improve stage it was concluded that they would improve: Patient stream, Care Team Communication and Streamlined Order Entry and Results Retrieval Process. By changing strategy by which the Priority Level II patients were moved, it brought about less or no lounge area time and permitted patients to continue to the diagnostic room. Altering ED zone assignments inside the patient-care group and utilizing new correspondence sheets would lessen understanding grievances and improve fulfillment. This change will likewise help with new focal assistants that will help entering patients and lessening the measure of time that doctors and medical attendants are involved. Finally, in the Control stage the group guarantees that the new standard activity methods for moving patients through the ED are kept up. They thought about the presentation of the Emergency Department when so as to take note of their advancement and set rules to safeguard their headway. Q2.Access the pilot results from the procedure changes. What should the group say to the Project Sponsor, Dr. Hamilton, and to the Project Champion, Dr. Elbridge about the outcomes? As indicated by the outcomes, the pilot Lobby Wait Time mean worth came in under the worthy objective of 15 minutes, and the MD Wait Time measure was improving(pilot mean was 8.9 minutes against an examination 1 gauge of 16.1 minutes and an investigation 2 benchmark of 11.2 minutes). Despite the fact that pilot MD Wait Time didn’t arrive at the objective set at 8.0 minutes, it was evidently improved. Pilot Lobby Times were better than built up brief objective, the imperfection rate dropped, and the 95% certainty stretch test on the investigation 1 middle and study 2 middle versus pilot middle approved factual essentialness of the improvement in hold up times. Aftereffects of MD Wait Times were measurably critical in one of two Mood’s Median tests (study 1 versus pilot). Positive inclining was shown in the correlation of study 2 to the pilot which demonstrated that the MD Wait Time got shorter and the distinguish rate diminished. The result looked encouraging. Notwithstanding, the Hawthorne impact became possibly the most important factor, especially in the investigation 2 information assortment exercises. Because of questionable mechanized information gathering methodology in the ED’s data frameworks and the need to utilize intra-departmental manual information assessors, the nearness of inclination was perceived. The group expected to conclude whether to re-try a few parts of their work in the Improve stage. The information was not persuading enough, and the consequence of progress in MD Wait Time was not clear. Q3.What are the obstructions to AMH embracing Six Sigma? The condition [Q*A=E] is the foundation of effective Six Sigma improvement execution. It induces that the nature of procedure arrangements increased by the Acceptance level of partners is equivalent to the viability of those outcomes. For this situation, the essential obstruction is the acknowledgment level of the emergency clinic. Regardless of which arrangements re sult from the examination, the potential for progress will be constrained without the acknowledgment of the individuals influenced and included. Getting individuals to grasp six Sigma changes in ED would have been a daunting struggle. There are 3 reasons: 1) Physicians are not clinic representatives, yet self employed entities of a sort from the Medical school. It is right around a disincentive to take an interest since their motivating forces lie with examination, training, and patient consideration claim to fame. 2) Dr. Hamilton who is the supporter of the undertaking was reluctant to engage in whatever he was new to or which would add to his effectively full plate. Likewise, Nancy Jenkins, who is the undertaking proprietor, executing critical procedure and conduct change were not among her qualities. 3) Last, it was noticed that the Hawthorne impact became possibly the most important factor. The Hawthorne impact alludes to a wonder wherein members modify their conduct because of being a piece of a trial or study. It is difficult for the group to get dependable mechanized date-gathering methods. Q4.Consider whether the group ought to suggest an adjustment in the Project Sponsor even at this late period of the ve nture. The undertaking support should be the requestor of the venture and is focused on its answers. He/She ought to likewise be capable to recognize venture objectives, goals and degree; expel hindrances and adjusts assets; fill in as a key communicator of undertaking progress and status and endorses last proposals. In any case, for this situation, Dr. Terry Hamilton, the undertaking Sponsor, had a great deal of work in his own area to concentrate on (occupied bad habit seat of the Medical School’s Emergency Medicine Department, dynamic in a few other office activities and obligations) and he was additionally an included dad and spouse. Therefore, he was so hesitant and sort of not interested in this venture. We might want to prescribe the undertaking group to change the Sponsor. Who’s elective? Dr. George Calhoun, the Emergency Medicine Department Chair, had stayed at arm’s length all through the team’s work. As the seat, Dr. Calhoun was in a place of impact over personnel and long haul changes that could result from the ED Wait Time Project. Furthermore, we additionally discovered that Dr. Calhoun’s interests and motivations were connected to accomplishing national crisis medication program acknowledgment and distributions. So Dr. Calhoun is the proper possib ility for the Project Sponsor. Q5.Based on what you are aware of the project’s results, confinements, and key partners, what might you suggest as the following stage for McCrea in her job as the Black Belts of the ED Wait Time Project? As per the outcomes and the investigation, there are numerous upgrades we can do. There are four parts of enhancements: Eliminating impedance factors They ought to diminish the Hawthorne impact recording the Wait Time without being seen by the staff. They should consider new techniques to record the MD Wait Time all the more precisely in light of the fact that there were some inclination and blunders in the estimation. Maybe we can utilize camcorder to watch staff’s activities to ensure they agree to the principles of Six Sigma and to record the MD Wait Time. 2.Increasing the Acceptance level The condition, Q x A = E, is the foundation of effective Six Sigma improvement impl

Naive Realism Essay

Tactile discernment, or how individuals see things throughout everyday life, assists with characterizing naã ¯ve authenticity, implying that we see the world legitimately from our perspective, in cool, concrete tangibility.â â Meaning, I realize I have seen a flying creature and not simply something made in my brain.   Representative authenticity, then again, accepts that the brain figures imagesâ€crafts themâ€as the psyche digests data and afterward makes the pictures we see inside the limits of our fringe space. I will talk about two contrasts between naã ¯ve authenticity and delegate authenticity followed by an appraisal of agent authenticity. As a matter of first importance, when we see life as a naã ¯ve pragmatist, we can demonstrate with substantial evidenceâ€using a few or the entirety of the six senses†that what we see is really there. For instance, a birthday cake on a table can be contacted, tasted, felt, and smelled, in this manner demonstrating its existence.â The delegate pragmatist understands pictures seen from a theoretical angle.â For instance, cloud arrangements in the sky can be seen as various objects.â Someone says, â€Å"I see a bear’s face in the cloud, while another person may see a butterfly. To go above and beyond, in naã ¯ve authenticity, we state that time is conveyed into ‘now,’ which is a genuine encounter, and ‘the past,’ which happened however does not exist anymore, and ‘the future,’ which is yet to happen. Science says we have â€Å"objective reality,† or the here and now.â Along with this, there is â€Å"subjective perception,† or two individuals seeing something very similar differently.â Classical science, at that point, split away from naã ¯ve authenticity and needed to consider the delegate realist’s viewpoint.â For instance, when we consider dreams or viewing a film, two individuals may see things in an unexpected way. Valid, they are there, however where is the differentiation mark attracted to isolate what is envisioned and what is genuine, or how would we separate two unique perspectives of a similar film? This, for a naã ¯ve pragmatist, is hard to answer.â Sure, we can hypothesize however it just aligns us closer to falling with the representative’s approach.  Here’s a relationship to help characterize this: The delegate realist’s mind goes about as a pastry specialist that follows a formula, utilizing the fixings in his kitchen to prepare a cake. Slight alterations in the measure of a fixing can change the flavor, or even the presence of the cake.â A potential honor winning three-layer cake will soak in the stove without adequate yeast.â Thus, the delegate pragmatist illuminates this problem by accepting the cerebrum is the dough puncher concocting pictures, though the naã ¯ve pragmatist absolutely works on processing substantial pictures. Naã ¯ve authenticity can be censured and evaluated further. In the event that we see recognition as a case whereby singular information makes what we see, the conduit of individual translation is opened.â Can naã ¯ve authenticity swim in these conduits of shifted perceptions?â If circumstances are respected just, at that point the naã ¯ve pragmatist can comprehend what he sees. Be that as it may, life is certainly not a straightforward cutout mold.â Even something as basic as a piece of wax looks for differed understanding when we include another fixing, state a wick and a flame.â Now the wax takes on new highlights and shifted recognitions.  Even a similar individual can envision a similar item from numerous points of view. Take a gander at a print made by M.C. Escher and you will perceive how rapidly the psyche can move its keen perspective on something very similar. In definite evaluation of agent authenticity, it tends to be seen that it does, truth be told, gives a critical and advantageous headway in our comprehension of mankind experiences.â For, facing a daily reality such that the mental cosmetics of an individual holds such enduring nearness, it is hard to picture just putting stock in the naã ¯ve realist’s perspective.  However, just to be reasonable, naã ¯ve authenticity will consistently have a spot in human scholarly perception.â It’s up to the person to decide how she sees things. SOURCES: http://www.arrod.co.uk/expositions/agent realism.php http://www.planetpapers.com/Assets/4368.php http://spartan.ac.brocku.ca/~lward/Dewey/Dewey_1916/Dewey_1916_09.html   Â

Free Siddharthas The River and the Mind/Bod Essay Example For Students

Free Siddharthas: The River and the Mind/Bod Essay y Dichotomy Hesse Siddhartha EssaysThe River and the Mind/Body Dichotomy in Siddhartha In Herman Hesses work Siddhartha, the essential physical image of division is the waterway. One side of the stream speaks to geist, or a domain worried about the otherworldly world. The subsequent side speaks to natur, the common reality where the substance is engorged with delight and natural fulfillment. Siddhartha starts on the otherworldly side of the waterway. He is in preparing to turn into a magnificent Brahmin like his dad, much is anticipated from this keen and alluring youngster. However Siddhartha feels a thundering in his body and psyche. His spirit isn't happy with the appropriate responses that he has gotten about issues throughout everyday life. He wants to live his home so as to discover these answers. He is eager to forfeit security for frailty and risk. His movements recharge and reinforce his soul. The structure of the story is revolved around the mechanical assembly of iterative-durative time, a method wherein the creator follows a free straight chronlogy, with each part covering roughly twenty years, while just around a couple of those years are portrayed in any detail. The impact effectively calms the peruser into a view of the progressing time. He initially invests energy with a wandering band of asceitics, timberland abiding travelers that like to carry on with an existence of extraordinary penance and abstemiousness. Siddhartha experts their specialty and objectives, yet right away chooses to proceed onward after just a couple of years. He can't discover his mission for salvation and comprehension on such a way. All through his excursion, his companion Govinda remains close by. He chooses to leave the town with him, accompany him and practice with the religious zealots, and afterward consents to leave with him to search out the Illustrious One, Gotama. Siddhartha doesn't discover the solutions to his profound questions here either, and chooses to proceed onward once more. This time Govinda, his shadow, chooses to remain and make a specialty for himself. Siddhartha strikes out all alone, crossing the middle image of the waterway with the assistance of the boatman Vasudeva. In the wake of intersection the waterway he experiences an Indian lady who supports him and permits him to kiss her areola. His involvement in the natur world has started, his encounters of the sense being elevated and prepared for an arousing storm. He stays on the arousing side of the waterway for a long time and in that time impregnates his enticing instructor and accomplice Kamala. Their youngster will later show him numerous exercises. Siddhartha leaves the town he had been living in on the grounds that he is nauseated with and tired of his way of life. He goes to the waterway and is desperate to the point that he is going to slaughter himself in it. Preceding letting himself plunge to a watery demise, he hears a sound exuding from the stream. The riverno longer observed as troublesome, it gives robustness and importance to the two banks. It joins components of the otherworldly world alongside that of the tissue. The boundless and general Om is discharged from the waterway and it spares Siddhartha. The now maturing Siddhartha makes his existence with Govinda the boatman. His life has at long last gotten to the meaningful part where he had consistently been looking to get himself. He is at the center of the otherworldly and regular world. A genuine union is the way in to his feeling of harmony. The waterway and Siddharthas view of the brutal dissonance between the soul and normal self in the end come full circle in understanding the significance of both. His life on the stream, his steady traveling from one bank to the next, to a great extent speak to this acknowledgment and his disclosure about existence. This work can help educator any youthful, optimistic, looking through soul about existence and the need of collaboration in ones philosophical and pragmatic idea about existence.

Classroom Management Strategies Essay

In what capacity can an educator forestall disturbing study hall practices? 1. The understudies and educator should initially talk about and afterward compose a â€Å"group† contract embracing worthy study hall rules and strategies before the finish of the main seven day stretch of school. 2. Occasionally survey the standards and methodology of the study hall until the understudies can effectively hold fast to them. 3. Utilize straightforward verbal censures when the mischief happens. Ensure that they are to the point, moderate in tone, and private (e. g. , â€Å"Stop talking and work on your math issues, please†). 4. Offer applause to the whole class as often as possible as could be expected under the circumstances (for example , â€Å"Thank you for working so quietly,† or â€Å"I’m enchanted to see all of you working so well today†). 5. An understudy who consistently displays an unsuitable conduct (e. g. , out of his/her seat) may benefit from a â€Å"individualized† contract pinpointing the â€Å"desired† conduct (e. g. , staying in his/her seat) and depicting the results (e. g. , on the off chance that objective is reached, at that point understudy will get assigned prize or acknowledgment). 6. Intercede at the earliest opportunity so as to keep the misconduct from happening (e. g. , state â€Å"Harry, may I help you with your task? † when the understudy starts to give indications of dissatisfaction). 7. Utilize outward appearances to pass on to the understudy that the bad conduct was not completely ignored. Flow around the room every now and again, to turn away potential conduct issues. Come back to Top ANTAGONISM WITH AUTHORITY What should be possible to assist understudies with improving their communication with power figures? 1. Give chances to understudies to change their threatening and forceful vitality into socially worthy channels, for example, sports, clubs, creates, pastimes, and so on. 2. Give understudies perusing as well as composing assignments that manage adversarial practices, and ask themâ to remark on various socially satisfactory methods of dealing with struggle circumstances. 3. Recognition the understudies at whatever point they are helping out different grown-ups (e. g. , â€Å"That was extremely sort of you to assist her with discovering her keys†). 4. Converse with the understudy in private to find out the purpose behind his/her mischief. 5. Furnish the understudies with models of suitable informative conduct through pretending exercises. 6. Urge understudies to make progress toward more prominent restraint in whatever number circumstances as would be prudent. 7. Accentuate to understudies the distinction that exists between worthy correspondence in school and thatâ which is utilized at home and additionally in the network. 8. Contact guardians as well as overseers when there is no other method of settling the contention circumstance. 9. Allude the understudy to proper staff individuals (e. g. , the Child Study Team, if the understudy habitually shows wild verbal antagonistic vibe). Keep episodic records to help your interests. Come back to Top ARGUMENTATIVE STUDENT How can the instructor manage a kid who gets contentious upon encounter? 1. Try not to face the understudy in a gathering circumstance. 2. Try not to utilize an accusatory tone after drawing nearer the student.â 3. Assess the circumstance that prompted the showdown. 4. Try not to get the understudy into a tight spot. Leave space for alternatives. 5. Try not to make dangers that can't be completed. 6. Permit your feelings to cool before moving toward the understudy. 7. Keep up the presence of control consistently. Utilize an intelligible, firm voice. 8. Offer the youngster a chance to talk his/her piece. 9. Take into account pretending, doing job inversion. 10. Attempt to investigate and find what prompted the showdown. Abstain from rehashing these conditions. 11. On the off chance that you caused a blunder, to let it be known! Come back to Top BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS What steps can be followed to determine a child’s steady mischief? 1. On the off chance that conceivable, meet with the youngster and depict in precise terms the conduct you find unsuitable in the homeroom. 2. During the conversation, clarify the reason(s) why you discover the conduct unsatisfactory. 3. Be certain the youngster comprehends that it isn't he/she who is inadmissible, but instead the conduct. 4. Tell the understudy precisely what will occur if the difficult proceeds. 5. In the event that the rowdiness happens once more, finish the recently arranged disciplinary activity. 6. Throughout the procedure, keep the guardians and the chief educated regarding the advancement or absence of progress. 7. On the off chance that the youngster keeps on making trouble and you feel that you have used the entirety of your choices and assets, send the kid to the principal’s office. Disclose to the kid that he/she is free to return when he/she is prepared to adhere to the study hall rules. Come back to Top BOASTFUL, ATTENTION-SEEKING STUDENT What should be possible for an understudy who is continually upsetting the class so as to pick up the teacher’s consideration? 1. Give the understudy a place of duty in the study hall and energize him/her to set a goodâ example for other people (e. g. , passing out papers). 2. Post a graph in the front of the room portraying the standards to be followed while reacting. For instance: 1. Lift your hand in the event that you wish to talk. 2. Hold on to be approached. 3. Tune in while others talk. 3. Relegate the understudy a unique undertaking of intrigue and let him/her present the report to the class. 4. Disregard the student’s irritating remarks, however give acclaim when the understudy portrays his/her genuine accomplishments. 5. Dole out the understudy to a little gathering in which he/she should take an interest essentially as a devotee. 6. Provide acknowledgment and positive consideration at whatever point conceivable. 7. Model fitting conduct each day for the understudy, with the goal that he/she can perceive what is anticipated from him/her (e. g. , pretending by instructor as well as companions). 8. Mastermind parent gatherings to talk about any variables that might be adding to the student’s issue in school (e. g. , kin competition). Come back to Top CALLING OUT IN CLASS †RESPONSE #L What do you do with an understudy who gets out answers or remarks during class? 1. Talk about your desires with the class. Make up rules and results at the absolute starting point ofâ the school year. 2. Keep a recurrence record in your evaluation book of the getting out, and increment the seriousness of the outcome in direct extent to the recurrence of the â€Å"calling out. † 3. With youngsters in the center evaluations and more seasoned, partition the class into two gatherings and make a game out of inquiries and answers. Each group scores a point for each right answer. On the off chance that a colleague gets out an answer amiss, that group loses a set measure of focuses. 4. Recognition the understudy who doesn't get out, however holds back to be approached. 5. Overlook the getting out. Try not to recognize having heard it.â 6. Utilize a severe conduct change program to diminish and at last douse this conduct. 7. Look at the explanation behind the getting out. Is it for consideration? Do you will in general disregard approaching this understudy? Is the getting out an aftereffect of a failure to sit still? Does this kid have a learning handicap? Respond to these side effects fittingly. 8. Contact the guardians. Attempt an at-home prize framework for good (days in which getting out didn't happen). This will include sending a note home day by day. Come back to Top CALLING OUT IN CLASS †RESPONSE # 2 What would you be able to do about youngsters continually calling out in class, in any event, when they should be working unobtrusively at their seats? 1. Be certain that the understudies realize what you expect of them concerning this issue. Portray what methodology you need them to use to stand out enough to be noticed, and clarify why they ought not call out in class. 2. In the event that students’ getting out is a significant issue, hold a class meeting and approach the youngsters to make suggestions for taking care of this issue. This would incorporate the sort of order to be utilized for the youngsters who keep on upsetting the class by getting out. 3. Be predictable and persevering in teaching the youngsters who get out. 4. On the off chance that a youngster speaks with you by getting out, make your lone response one of dismay and don't respond to the question or satisfy the solicitation. 5. Tell the class that if calling out in class just happens a specific number of times during the week, you will accomplish something unique with them on Friday evening. Companion pressure is then used to take care of the issue. In the weeks that follow, getting out will decrease, as understudies envision the unique Friday action. 6. Getting out might be spurred by the student’s eagerness, or by the dread that he/she will overlook whatâ he/she needed to state. Have understudies keep a cushion and pencil around their work area to record an idea they may overlook. That way they can allude to it when they at long last get called upon. Make certain to offer everybody an opportunity to response something †even the more slow reasoning understudies! Come back to Top CLASS CLOWN How would you be able to manage a â€Å"class clown†? 1. Tell the understudy in private how you feel about his/her inadmissible conduct, and clarify what is anticipated from him/her. Attempt to shape a confiding in relationship with this understudy. Tune in to his/her sentiments and desires. Attempt to channel his/her ability for humor into something increasingly beneficial, for example, making a class play or emotional drama. 2. In the event that you figure it would be gainful, attempt pretending with this understudy. Give him/her the job of the instructor who is attempting to show a thing or two. You assume the job of the class jokester and display similar practices that he/she does in class. This might be a learning experience for the whole class! 3. Disclose to the understudy that the answer for his/her concern is his/her duty just as yours. In any case, if the â€Å"class clown† conduct proceeds and it influences the degree of learning for the remainder of theâ class, at that point the duty regarding the arrangement will lie with him/her and the organization. 4. Attempt to discover the educational program regions in which the understudy is intrigued. Give him/her some autonomous work in these zones and observ

We are visiting Washington, DC COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

We are visiting Washington, DC COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The summer is a time to lounge by the pool, catch up on reading, explore a country, get more work experience under your belt, discover yourself and possibly think about going to graduate school.   If you are in the Washington, DC area on Tuesday, June 19th or Wednesday, June 20th and want to meet with an admissions representative to talk about how Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs fits into your educational and professional goals; find us at Summerfest held  at Johns Hopkins SAIS at 6pm tomorrow evening or at the Idealist Graduate Fair held at American University from 5pm to 8pm on Wednesday.   For our full recruitment schedule and for more information, please visit us on our website.

Edgar Allan Poe Bioscript - Free Essay Example

January 19, 1809, this was the time of birth to the creator of detective fiction, the alcoholic gambler, and literary pioneer, Edgar Allan Poe. With his birth came a new era for literature. An era filled with happiness, sorrow, and success. His birth parents, Elizabeth and David Poe, despite them being his parents there relevance would fade when his care fell to the Allans. This was due to his deceased mother and fathers abandonment, one year later. This sparked his tramatuce life and poor decisions with alcohol and gambling. Which then lead to his lifelong struggle with depression. Even though the Allans treated Edgar as their own, he didnt feel as though he belonged. At the age of six Edgar temporarily moved to Scotland with his parents and attended Irvine Old Grammar school, then switched to Manor House boarding school for eight years. After he attended the University of Virginia. He then started drinking heavily and quickly became in debt. Attempting to attain money from John Allan results with no sympathy and anger at Poe for dropping out of school With no money left he had to quit school and join the army in Boston. After the death of Mrs.Allan he returns home. It is only them when he and his father make amends and his fathers sponsors his attendance to West Point. This endeavor was quickly put to death when he realized he was in no shape to participate .He dilbritley got kicked out of West Point in 1831. Following his recent pattern of dramatic decisions, he becomes a full time writer and literary critic after struggling to make a living for several years.Seaking the help of Mr.Allan again results in no aid. Trying to support himself, he submits stories to magazines and is rejected again and again. In this time his adopted father dies leaving nothing to Poe in his will. In 1835 after winning a literary contest he lands a job as an editor of the Southern Literary Messenger . He began looking for a job to support his newly wed wife who was his thirteen year old cousin. Despite this being negatively viewed on in modern times having a wife( despite her being thirteen and being related) it served as a source of encouragement for finding a job. Poes complete lack of mercy when criticizing made him many enemies but the controversy attracted higher rates of purchase so he was allowed to continue. Poes contervitionalailty in criticism gained him such a high raise in awareness that he felt over qualified for Richmond so he left for New York. Within a duration of two years Poe publishes two more books the first Ligeria and the second which was published a year after the firstThe fall of the house of usher.After that publication he published Tales of the grotesque and arabesque . The Fall of the House of Usher was one of his most famous works and gave momentum to his career. This momentum led to his birth to the detective fiction genre. Its creation was phausable through the publishment of The Murders in the Rue Morgue which surpassed The Fall of the House of Usher in achievement to its name.Both works had popularity and were the start to his name once shadowed but when the works it authored were read it was envied by all. Poes life shifts before his next notable work is published. In New York he began working for a new magazine called Rams. He published Murders in the Rue Morgue the magazine had an additional 34000 in circulation within a year of Murders in the Rue Morgues publication. This brought him praise for its uniqueness in its time. While this praise was very high and the poem gave him fame he ceased to believe his worthiness. Around this time he was interviewed about his life and provided false information. This false information included a fake age and background. Edgar moved to Philadelphia in 1838. He continued to write classic pieces of detective literature like the raven in 1845, but his soon found happiness with his wife and his job as a literary critic came to end when his young wife died at the age of 24, this struck poe with griff and anger. This was going to be their 11th year of marriage but it was cut short because of her. Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe died of tuberculosis. Her death caused poe to struggle with his already bad depression and chronic alcoholism. With this he moved back to lowell, massachusetts and settled into his new life. His poems became more and more obsessed with his wife and her death. They also became more obscure like Lines on Ale and For Annie. He fell in love with Nancy L. Richmound, a married women. In 1849, he finally confessed his feelings for in a poem called For Annie

The Iridescence Of Art Art - 902 Words

The Iridescence of Art Although it seems obvious, an interesting fact about art that is frequently glanced over is that art is meant to be shared. An artist such as Damian Hirst didn’t put his great his artwork of the shark with its mouth open and suspended in a tank of formaldehyde in a dark room to let it collect dust. Rather he shares his piece and hopes â€Å"anyone will buy it.† Hirst’s eagerness to display his work stems from wanting to display the bond he had with his art. However, if a viewer were to have a different bond from examining the art, creating the art might seam fruitless because the artist will go through the trouble to share their connection when the viewer would see something different. It would be as if a child excitedly runs towards their parent to present their drawing of a cat and the parent says â€Å"Oh look at this great tree.† Hirst describes his art when he says, â€Å"A shark is frightening, bigger than you are, in an environment unknown to you. † His description of his own work demonstrates his experience he as the artist felt when he made the piece. He points out the danger of the shark and its power over humans with it being in its confortable domain. Hirst continues to describe his experience with his work as the shark looking â€Å"alive when it’s dead.† â€Å"You expect the shark to look back at you† Hirst says expecting life from the dead animal. Hirst’s bond towards the artwork he created is described as an encounter according to John Berger’s essay â€Å"StepsShow MoreRelatedThe Mosque Lamp1053 Words   |  5 Pagesthroughout the work. Besides the use of gold as a major color choice, the artist used iridescence which encompasses all colors. This use of iridescence creates a texture on the piece, which allows the viewer to see multiple colors at differe nt angles. Another item on the lamp that creates texture is the sacred inscription that is in blue, circling the entire piece. This inscription is also the subject of the art itself. Within the inscription on this Mosque Lamp, it states, â€Å"†¦ the lamp was endowedRead MoreSocial Criticism in Blakes Chimney Sweeper and Haydens Monets Waterlilies1274 Words   |  6 Pagesof Monets more famous pieces of art. The relief experienced by the poet is established in the first lines, which read,    Today as the news from Selma and Saigon poisons the air like fallout, I come again to see    the serene great picture that I love.    As in much of his poetry, Haydens work captures the connection between a tragic and irredeemable world and the possibilities for transcendence that exist in sensory delight, art, and religion (African 177). Read MoreElements And Skills Used For The Creation Of The Props2057 Words   |  9 Pagesstatus. J.K Rowling used Celtic calendars to decide upon the wood in which Harry, Hermione and Ron’s wands would be made from, based on their birthdates. â€Å"On the handle of Horace Slughorn’s wand are two little antennae, like a slug or snail† says art director Hattie Storey, which often occasioned a search for special materials. Once the final design was finalised, the construction of the wands began: â€Å"We looked for interesting pieces of pieces woods, with burs or interesting shapes. Then, we’dRead MoreBureaucracy And Activism : How Public Art Essay2090 Words   |  9 Pages II - Subversion of bureaucracy and activism: how public art is key to the education of criticism. Art did not start off by being ‘anything the art world says is art is art’.1 During the 18th century the maxim that art ‘was not to serve any master but itself’2 corroborates ‘the notion of artistic freedom. This was (†¦) an integral value to an artistic practice; it was contrasted (†¦) with the unfreedom of institutions, the state or the bourgeoisie’3. With neo-liberal practices being implementedRead MoreAnalysis Of Michael Walzer s On What Does It Mean For An American?2244 Words   |  9 Pagesused as a cultural or spiritual indicator at the end they are all Americans. That is like what Mr. Walzer says Americans are American by the â€Å"virtue of coming together† (Walzer). The United States is a mosaic art piece; there are many smaller pieces that once placed together forms a new bigger art piece. It is from the individual characteristics that show our greatness as a nation. Odds are likely that we have a citizen who originates from every country in the world. Like Mr. Walzer says the American

Similarties and Differences of Islam and Christianity Essay

Many religions have impacted the thoughts and beliefs of millions around the world. Two of these religions are Islam and Christianity, both of which are similar, yet, incredibly different. Christianity, which had come long before Islam, is known to be the root of Islam which makes sense since the two religions share much in common. They are both Abrahamic and monotheistic religions which means they share the belief in only one true existing God and are rooted to have many similarities. Their differences, however, are what make them two distinctive religions, which is why they are recognized and classified for being so. Similarities and differences arise in many topics and situations, but differences take over and divide them into†¦show more content†¦That is because the church and the Ummah are both communities with the goal of bringing others to their faith and their believers together. The position of Jesus in Christianity, however, is different from that of the one he hol ds in Islam. An example is that of prophecy. As much as both religions believe in the messengers of God, some are given more importance than others. In Christianity, Jesus is believed to be the son of God, and therefore given more importance than Moses, but in Islam, Jesus is simply another prophet. An important prophet, yes, but not one that was loved more by Allah than Muhammad. In Christianity, it is also believed that Jesus is the light or the way which leads people to the right path. In Islam, it is the Quran which does so. Christianity also believes that Jesus was the one to transfer the direct word of God. In this case, the position which Jesus holds in Christianity is the same as the position which the Quran holds in Islam. The Quran is believed to be the direct word of God. It was brought down to Muhammad, the most important prophet of Islam, from the heavens through the messenger of the angel, Gabriel (Esposito). The Quran also teaches Muslims the way of the Islamic lifest yle as did Jesus with his lessons on bringing faith to God’s words. In order to reach the final destination of heaven in the

Interpersonal Behaviour Therapy for Generalized Anxiety...

Interpersonal therapy in the treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder The World Health Organization (2007) reported 14% of all people aged 16 to 85 years experienced a form of anxiety disorder. In Australia alone, 2.3 million Australian was diagnosed with 12-month anxiety disorder and the annual cost of anxiety disorders and other mental illness was estimated at 20 billion dollars (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008). Given its prevalence, development for an effective psychotherapy treatment for anxiety disorder is imperative. Interpersonal distress is a possible causal and maintaining factor for anxiety disorder (Borkovec, Newman, Pincus, Lytle, 2002), and as interpersonal psychotherapy therapy allows treatment the treatment for†¦show more content†¦In their clinical trial of IPT for treating major depression, Feske, Frank, Kupfer, Shear, and Weaver (1998) states that major depression is often accompanied by anxiety, and thus influences the way in which the disorder and response to treatment develops. However, there is a considerable lack of evidence in the treatment of anxiety disorder, particularly for GAD, with IPT (Weissman et al, 2000). Yet, a respectable rationale in treating anxiety disorders with IPT is the focus on interpersonal aspects of patients, which might be the causal and maintaining factors of said disorder. Social phobia, for example, is a form of anxiety caused by contact with unfamiliar people. Thus, IPT serves as a natural treatment method (Weissman et al, 2000). Lipsitz, Markowitz, Cherry, and Fyer (1999) conducted an open trial of interpersonal psychotherapy for the treatment of social phobia. Here, Lipsitz et al attempted the first clinical trial of IPT for treating anxiety. The study enlisted nine participants with an age range of 25-49 (Mean = 38, SD = 8) from a list of patients seeking treatment for social phobia in New York State Psychiatric Institute Anxiety Disorders Clinic. Participants only included those who were not already under a different treatment plan or co-morbid with other di sorder. Fourteen weeks of sessions in IPT for social phobia were conducted by an experienced interpersonal psychotherapy for depression while an experienced psychotherapyShow MoreRelatedEssay about Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)1072 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Social Anxiety Disorder or social phobia, is the third largest mental health care problem in the world. (Stein, 2010) National statistical surveys carried out in 2002 in the United Kingdom suggest that the prevalence rates for social phobias among young people in the UK were around 4%. (National Statistics, 2002) ‘Social phobia is characterised by intense and persistent fear of social situations in which scrutiny and embarrassment could occur’. (Orsillo Hammond 2001, p.159)Read MoreCompare and Contrast the Main Principles in Any Two of the Followingpsychological Therapies: Psychoanalysis, Behavior Therapy, Cognitive Therapy or Humanistic Therapy1584 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology Assignment 1 â€Å"Compare and contrast the main principles in any two of the followingPsychological therapies: psychoanalysis, behavior therapy, cognitive therapy or humanistic therapy.† Over the detritus of centuries, mental illnesses (such as anxiety, depression and personality disorder) have been a major contentious topic, especially in the medieval times in which religion centered, cultural and traditional influenced people deemed these exhibiting symptoms of psychopathology asRead MoreA Critical Evaluation Of Three Different Methods For Treating1418 Words   |  6 PagesA Critical Evaluation of Three Different Methods for Treating Generalised Anxiety Disorder Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a very common anxiety disorder; symptoms include nervousness, worrying and tension. The anxiety is not linked to one thing and patients can be overwhelmed by a general feeling of dread. A patient with GAD will worry about the same things as any unaffected person, for example, their health, personal relationships or work. What sets them apart is that the degree of worryRead MoreCbt as the Most Effective Form of Treatment for Gad2883 Words   |  12 Pagescognitive behavioral therapy is an empirically supported and effective treatment type for a multitude of disorders, especially a variety of anxiety disorders. Keywords: effectiveness, CBT, anxiety, GAD, treatment. Effectiveness of CBT In the Treatment of GAD Cognitive-Behavioral therapy (CBT) is an empirically supported treatment for a variety of disorder diagnoses. Although pharmacological treatments are the most widely used method of treatment in anxiety disorders in America, researchRead MoreEvidence Base for Anxiety Disorders3270 Words   |  14 Pages1. Introduction This paper provides a brief overview of evidence based psychological treatments for anxiety disorders. It addresses the following questions: †¢ How common are anxiety disorders? †¢ What psychological treatments have empirical support? †¢ What recovery rates can be achieved with these treatments? †¢ How enduring are their effects? †¢ Is there value in combining psychological treatments with medication? Psychological treatments can be delivered in a varietyRead MoreTreatment Intervention Outcomes For Veterans With Ptsd960 Words   |  4 PagesClady HHS460: Research Methods in Health Human Services LaTonya Jones October 4th 2015 Treatment Intervention Outcomes for Veterans with PTSD Description and Summary Post-traumatic stress disorder is considered as a psychiatric disorder that creates impairments in occupational, interpersonal, and social functioning. Although there are several treatment processes for veterans suffering from this condition, some intervention may fail to generate desired results. Veterans who fail to showRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder2787 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿Generalized Anxiety Disorder Generalized Anxiety disorder (GAD) is a disorder consisting of excessive worrying, tension and nervousness. This condition can occur over and over again and if left untreated can lead to suicidal and violent thoughts in the patient. Even though there are certain triggers to the condition, the person eventually becomes so used to worrying and taking stress that they cant control the feeling. These dreadful feelings and excessive thinking eventually overtakes them andRead MoreDiagnostic Features, Sociocultural Factors, And Treatment Interventions2537 Words   |  11 Pagesfor severe abnormal behaviour. Following a serious suicide attempt and seventh hospitalization, Diana was given a diagnosis of major depressive disorder and a borderline personality disorder (BPD). The purpose of this essay is to elucidate the diagnostic accuracy of Diana’s disorders via the analysis of diagnostic features, sociocultural factors, and treatment interventions. Diagnostic Features: The diagnosis of Major depressive disorder and Borderline personality disorder (BPD) are entirely accurateRead MoreOutcome 1 Know the Main Forms of Mental Ill Health2124 Words   |  9 Pagesclassification system: Mood Disorders Mood disorder is the term designating a group of diagnoses in the Diagnostic and statistic manual of mental disorders (DSM IV TR) classification system where a disturbance in the persons mood is hypothesized to be the main underlying feature. The classification is known as mood (affective) disorders in ICD 10. English psychiatrist Henry Maudsley proposed an overarching category of affective disorder. The term was then replaced by mood disorder, as the latter termRead MoreCase Study2241 Words   |  9 Pagesof phobias as well as varying degrees of depression and anxiety throughout most of her life. Hence, she met the criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) for anxiety disorder under the type of phobia and the class of specific phobias under the categories of which have been identified are situational phobia and animal phobia. Anxiety is a mood state characterized by marked negative effect

A Report On The Message Essay - 1480 Words

It is twelve o clock at night, Stephanie just finished all of her homework and took a relaxing shower. Now, she was comfortably lying on her bed and ready to fall into sleep. Suddenly, she felt there was something very important and urgent that she forgot to do before she fall into sleep. Yes! She needed to reply her best friend Joanna s text message because she was doing her homework earlier. Then she picked up her phone next to her pillow and started to text. After she answered Joanna’s questions, she saw there was a little red number seven on the right corner of her email icon. She thought she might need to check her email to see if she missed any important messages. She opened her email and saw she received an email from Twitter. In the email, it said â€Å"Login to your Twitter account and see what is going on!†, then she automatically clicked the link down the bottom of the email and started to see all of her friends’ tweets. She spent about fifty minutes o n Twitter to catch up all the information she missed and opened Facebook, Snapchat, and Instagram one by one. As the time was ticking, she realized it was two o clock in the morning and she only can sleep for almost five hours. So she putted her phone away and finally she fell asleep. Next morning, she felt very irritable because she did not get enough sleep and couldn t concentrate in her Psychology class. She told herself that she must sleep early tonight, however, she repeated what she had done last night and sleptShow MoreRelatedA Message to Garcia BOOK REPORT Essay example659 Words   |  3 PagesBOOK REPORT 1. â€Å"A message to Garcia† 2. LCPL Garcia 3. Elbert Hubbard 4. Published in 1977 5. Publisher: Peter pauper press , Inc 6. 32 Pages 7. Price of the book: $7.99 8. (Last page) 9. Initiative, Courage and Commitment. 10. I believe that every marine should definitely read this book. This book tells about true commitment and courage is about there is a lot to learn from this book. I agree with all the points that the author gave in his writing and thinkRead MoreIbm Assignment848 Words   |  4 Pagesfailed messages are reprocessed, without leaving any messages unattended. Based on this information the IBM would also need the following: Two different kinds of reports will be required to verify that very few discrepancies exist between the Hub and the IBM. 1. SOA will create a report generated daily when the interface runs: a. A report will be created to identify the number of records sent to the IBM and the number of records successfully inserted into the IBM. b. An exception report will beRead MoreEssay on Northwestern Mutual826 Words   |  4 PagesFortune 500 whose annual report is effective in showing the company’s value and mission, and in promoting its image. The company has been providing and will continue delivering beneficial insurance and financial products to its customers. By repeating select words in varying contexts, using powerful and illustrative photos of the company’s customers and employees, as well as applying easy-to-navigate and accessible design, Northwestern Mutual created an effective Annual Report of 2011 that benefitsRead MoreThe Stryker Organization830 Words   |  4 Pagesstruggling with understanding the reports and how they relate to their work and divisions. Aggregately, our current reports possesses three main issues: formatting errors, language errors, and target audience errors. By allotting a tremendous amount of time to understanding our reports, we concluded that the three previously stated errors are detrimental to our communication. Reading over our current reporting system, our team has agreed that our financial reports are increasingly difficult to followRead MoreCommunication Is The Process Of Conveying Messages Essay1336 Words   |  6 Pagesprocess of conveying messages (facts, ideas, attitudes and opinions) from one person to another† (A, 2013) THEORY IN COMMUNICATION For the proper communication there should be, (C.E.SHANNON, 1948) (Chandler, 2007) Sender or the Source who sends the message. Message Encoding: The information which is conveyed by the sender. Channel: The manner which message is send. Receiver: Target of the communication. Message Decoding: Process of understanding the message. Feedback: The message sends by the receiverRead MoreInfamy: Pearl Harbor and its Aftermath1200 Words   |  5 Pagesothers, specifically Admiral Husband Kimmel and Lieutenant General Walter Short. Toland proves this in several ways. Firstly, according to Toland, many Japanese messages that were intercepted and decrypted were never sent to Pearl Harbor, showing that there was no way they could have been prepared for the attack. Vital messages were intercepted starting in the summer of 1941; one divided Pearl Harbor into five grids and even asked for locations of the warships and carriers. Still, nothing wasRead MoreStrategy Overview And Performance Annual Review Paper780 Words   |  4 PagesGood afternoon everyone, I hope the week has gone well for you all!. As you will notice when reviewing these, we have rolled out an enhanced version of our Strategy Overview Performance Monthly Report. The format of the report is one you have been accustomed to, with a similar â€Å"look feel† however with additional details, like YoY and MoM percentage of difference. I have decided to go with a more concise version of my monthly emails moving forward, which I’m certain you will appreciate. ThatRead MoreR. Ellisonaj 041Effective Written Communication 30830Assignment1161 Words   |  5 PagesMathematical model was defined as five elements. The first is information source which produces a message. The second element is the transmitter that sends a signal through a channel. The third step is the channel which is the medium that the message is sent through. The fourth element is the receiver which converts the signal back into the message. The fifth and final element is the destination, the point that the message arrives at. This chapter emphasizes the importance communication plays in the workplace;Read MoreEffects of Cell Phone1609 Words   |  7 Pagesinformation access for farmers, broader citizen engagement and link to traffic data for taxi drivers, according to a new World Bank report. The country also witnessed one of the first uses of text messaging as a medium for social change during the EDSA II revolt in 2001 that led to the ouster of then President Joseph Estrada, the study cited. According to the report â€Å"Information and Communications for Development: Maximizing Mobile,† which was released on Monday, there were 101 mobile cellular subscriptionsRead MoreWhy I Am Writing An E Mail1023 Words   |  5 PagesClarity Writing with clarity means having the ability to delivery tour message in a clear cut, straight to the point manner. For managers, staff and admin assistants and myself, writing is an important part of their job, and can’t be avoided. When I am writing an e-mail, formal memo, report, or review, I must write it so that it is clear and engaging. When I or my coworkers are pressed for time, sorting through a long-winded document trying to figure out the writer’s points is not ideal. Lack of

To What Extent Can Logic, Math or Music Be Classified as a Language Tok Free Essays

To what extent can logic, math or music be classified as a language? â€Å"Mathematics  is the language with which God has written the universe. † Declares the Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher Galileo Galilei, when we think in modern sense language is a system of linguistic signs or symbols. In other words it’s the basis of communication. We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Can Logic, Math or Music Be Classified as a Language? Tok or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some people communicate using sign language while others rely on gestures and facial expressions. Mathematics and music may also be used to communicate to some extent. On the other hand logic is only instrumental and it does not house any intention of communication. Mathematics is the systematic arrangement of numbers. These numbers could sometimes be used as a form of secretive code used for communication. Such codes are often used by agencies such as the NSA in exchanging valuable information. Many teenagers also use an alternative alphabet composed mostly of numbers and symbols, leetspeak (or 1337 ). Although mathematics may be used as a language itself could be able to achieve true meaning while using such means of communication? Is it possible to use this nonverbal communication to express our feelings? We must be blind to truly understand the role of face to face communication in our lives. It would be impossible for you to use irony, connotation and metaphors. For example, if in our secret mathematical code 1446+ meant go away would there be any way to be sure if you said this in a friendly manner or not. This also makes everything vague and unclear. Raw information is put in front of you, you cannot have your own ideas you must accept what is given to you with no objection Music is an essential to most humans, it is a way of coping with life, and it sometimes may even be used to change the mood of the listener. Your mood shapes the music that you listen to. You would not listen to hard rock or metal after a recent breakup instead you will listen to romantic songs. You will also notice that some songs will make you feel happy. For example whenever I listen to a Beatles song let’s say ‘Love Me Do’ a fun/happy feeling forms inside of me. I do not believe that connotation of music is limited with its lyrics. Even when you listen to the tune of Bob Marley’s ‘Don’t Worry Be Happy ‘ you will find yourself feeling happier (positive connotation) businesses use this a lot in their advertisements in order to get the potential customers attention. Although music does have a sense of connotation and is able to shift your mood it cannot be classified as a language as the only knowledge acquired if any is acquired is one way thus there is no communication. For Aristotle, logic is the instrument by means of which we come to know anything. If logic is merely instrument of knowing can we say that it is a language? Could there be language without logic, logic without language? Since we use our own logic to understand the acquired knowledge and there is no intended communication except that of which is with ourselves. Therefore even though logic pays a major role in the apprehension of knowledge it cannot be classified as a language by itself. â€Å"Mathematics is, as it were, a sensuous logic, and relates to philosophy as do the arts, music, and plastic art to poetry. † Once said the German poet, Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel. Mathematics and music are frequently used to communicate, but without knowledge it would not be possible for us to express our ideas and communicate at all. Therefore we can conclude that mathematics music and language are used integrated with logic forming communication. 0nur Basman () l/l V 2 How to cite To What Extent Can Logic, Math or Music Be Classified as a Language? Tok, Papers

Five Forces free essay sample

The Five Forces are †¢Threat of new entrants oAn essential part of remaining competitive, an organization must constantly be aware of new organizations coming into the same market. They must be prepared to offer better services/costs/etc. than the new organization. †¢Threat of substitute products or services Organizations must be aware of products or services that could be used as a substitute for what they are offering. A cleaning company has to be aware that people are capable of cleaning their own houses. KFC must be aware that people can make their food at home. This helps them to decide how to market their services/products as more necessary than the substitutes. †¢Bargaining power of customers oCustomers are able to shop for the best prices, and are always more than willing to take their business to the lowest bidder. An organization must be aware of other prices and be able to match those prices if they want to keep their customers. We will write a custom essay sample on Five Forces or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page WalMart has a price match guarantee for a reason. People are able to go to one place and spend all their money, and WalMart still makes money because they get the products for less than they are buying them from the suppliers for. †¢Bargaining power of suppliers oNot only can customers take their business elsewhere; suppliers can as well. They are looking to get the highest paid price for their product, and will sell to the person who is willing to pay or trade the highest value. In order to get the best products or services to pass on to customers, an organization must be able to successfully bargain with their suppliers †¢Intensity of competitive rivalry oIf an organization is to be successfully competitive, they must know how close their competitors are to offering better products/services/prices. If a company is brand new and just starting out, they more than likely will not be in the same circle as a well-established company. But a company that has been around for years and has a well-rounded and loyal customer base will be much more intensely competitive.

Polluters Dilemma free essay sample

What motives would the company have to install the new technology? Given the fact that there are recent evidences to support that if the company’s emission level stays the same, the fish in the lakes and rivers in the area might soon be unsafe for human consumption, it is only the right thing to consider and do install the necessary technology. This is in the interest of not only of the environment but of the ultimate benefactor of the environment which is the human beings. The motive here can be simply considered as a form of psychological altruism in which we value benevolence or kindness towards others. In the perspective of a company, it can be considered a form of being socially responsible. This can also be viewed under the principle of duties, specifically duties to others. The others refer to the environment and the human beings. Even if the factory’s emission is within the legal limits levels, given the fact that new evidence are coming and knowing that the government is always lagging behind scientific evidences, the motivating to do is to install the new technology. We will write a custom essay sample on Polluters Dilemma or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, it can be argued as well in the perspective of self preservation. The company fears that backed by public opinion the company maybe force to not only install the new technology but also requires monthly emission level reports which is much expensive and time consuming. What motives would the company have to delay installing the new technology? As stated the company’s environmental compliance budget is tight. The company needs to show profit for the year if it has to survive with stocks and investors confidence. The motive that can be argued or considered here would be on the basis of duty to oneself, for self propagation and interest. Psychological egoism can also be argued here. It can be discoursed that in the interest of the factory’s workforce or personnel, to remain able to provide job, tax and overall to the â€Å"in-line† benefactor (e. g. worker’s family, the government) the company has to survive and thus should be able to show profit for the year instead of consuming it towards installing a new technology. The fact that the government has not yet imposed a new regulation and the company is legally following the government requirement on its emission it can be considered as doing its responsibility and that installing the new technology is irrational and can be argued as unethical which is tantamount to self destruction. Self preservation is important for the company. Why might companies in this region prefer for the government to impose new regulations? There are a few things to think along this line; one is that the companies would want to show to their clients and investors that the reason they might not be posting profit is that because they are socially responsible, installing expensive and time consuming new technologies for the benefit of the environment. This may encourage more investors especially those which possess and highly respects social altruism. This might come up if the government had been quite up to date in its environmental regulations. The second thought however, would be that for their own benefit and posting of profit for the year, the companies would prefer the government to give the go signal since the government is always delayed in its environmental policies and regulations. Therefore, the companies would benefit from the time delay of the installation of the expensive new technologies. This is along lines of self preservation and interest.

Grade Sample Literary Theme Essay

Grade Sample Literary Theme EssayGrade Sample Literary Theme Essay is the name given to a literary theme paper that is not too complicated in format. This kind of paper can be a key element in helping students attain college acceptance.The literature majors will enjoy reading a literary theme essay. The word 'sample' is not used to show that there is a lack of originality. Even if there is only one writer involved, this particular paper should reflect her point of view on a literary theme, so that it comes across as different from others.One example would be a study of the term 'theme.' A writer may choose to write about how a particular author has a theme that has been used for many years. Other writers may say that they have written several such themes and have been discussing the same topics for quite some time. The essay should depict a particular creative, fresh and unique view on the topic.A literary theme essay can also touch upon themes like 'memoirs,' 'epitaphs,' 'heroes,' ' eroticism,' etc. These words represent different facets of literature. A writer may decide to cover the entire topic without any puns, e.g. 'Erseaphs'Aesthetic fictions.' An academic paper might discuss a particular author or a theme within a particular period of time.The main task of a literary theme essay is to reflect the writer's individual opinion on a specific theme. The essay should be readable, interesting and should be filled with content. There should be enough information in the essay to challenge the reader. The essay should not contain too much information and should be able to make sense out of the information.The basic purpose of these essays is to express the student's own viewpoints on the topic. These essays could be used to prepare the student for a college entrance examination.It is good to use sample literary theme essay as it prepares the student for a college entrance examination. The writer should ensure that she has chosen a theme that will meet the expectat ions of the exam taker. The theme must make sense and thus enable the writer to discuss the topic. Essays that deal with controversial subjects are not allowed.

Asian Crisis Essay Research Paper The continuing free essay sample

Asiatic Crisis Essay, Research Paper The go oning Asiatic economic crisis that began in mid-1997 ranks as Asia # 8217 ; s 2nd biggest event since World War II. The crisis all of a sudden halted the part # 8217 ; s unprecedented three decennaries of rapid economic growing. Within Asia itself, the crisis has had non merely serious domestic societal, political, and economic impact, it has affected intra- and extraregional international dealingss, every bit good as rational and policy discourse. At the same clip, the crisis has about incompatibly, spawned the deepest uncertainness yet among Asiatic authorities and concern leaders and the populace at big about the wisdom of following the universalistic ( but truly Western, particularly American-propagated ) capitalist philosophy of free markets, private endeavor, international openness and political democratisation as the most unafraid way to economic prosperity and societal wellbeing. There is now more or less an understanding that the domestic beginnings of the Asian cris is lay in macroeconomic instabilities, structural lacks in fiscal sectors, and defects in political and corporate administration. We will write a custom essay sample on Asian Crisis Essay Research Paper The continuing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some or all of these jobs were more terrible in the states most affected-Thailand, Korea, Indonesia, Malaysia-than in those that were comparatively unscathed-Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan. A twelvemonth ago, at a Corporate Conference organized by the Asia Society in Hong Kong, a transnational Eminent Persons Group delivered a study, # 8220 ; Asia at the Hamlets: The Path Ahead. # 8221 ; In that study, the assembled experts concluded that provided the needed alterations are put into topographic point, the States of East and Southeast Asia should emerge from the crisis better positioned to better the lives of their citizens and to lend to international stableness and prosperity. I hope that the state of affairs will alter. On January 8, 1999, the ASIAN Secretariat issued a imperativeness release about the Second Meeting of ASIAN Heads of Statistical Offices, held in Bali on January 5-6.

How to Write a Case Study and Why This Paper Might Be Useful

How to Write a Case Study and Why This Paper Might Be Useful A case study is something you should not simply write, but also solve. The information provided in such kind of paper should be a response to the existing problem. Except for defining and analyzing the issue, it is also important to find all possible ways out. Present them to the reader in your text. The Goal of a Case Study A case study is usually accomplished to earn the trust of your clients/patients. If you are still a student, it is done to prepare you for further challenges associated with your profession. You might be ahead of the competition when it comes to accounting, nursing, or writing, but your clients or readers expect a proof. That is when the need to work on a case study appears. Good examples of the possible work can chronicle the positive influence your business possesses on current or past clients. Thus, we recommend having a look at free online samples of case studies before starting to write the paper on your own. Two Approaches to Writing a Case Study There are two specific methods used to prepare a case study. The first one is the analytical approach. The second one is the problem-oriented technique. Type 1. When you deal with the analytical approach to solving a case study, you must understand what and why took place. A deep analysis of the situation is required. It is not important to work out the definition or suggest solutions to the existing problems. It’s all about analysis. Type 2. When we speak about the problem-oriented method, a case study serves as the analysis tool applied to state and describe the basic problems as well as offer possible solutions. While the problem-oriented method is a bit more popular, let’s dedicate more time to studying this type. Problem-oriented Method Specifics Any successful case study worth an â€Å"A† should analyze and examine the real-life problem which is relevant for the modern society. The issue has to be solved in the most beneficial way. A case study has to: Relate the theory to practice on the example of the given situation. Include the example which is up-to-date and proved. The readers should receive enough information to agree with the author. E.g. the author may use the ideas and knowledge gained during the coursework writing process. Then, he must apply his skills to the practical situation at hand in the paper. The answer to main questions – define the problems. Select the basic points of your project. Find and provide solutions to these problems. Tell about the best solution. Include detailed information on how the solution has to be implemented. By the way, note that the case refers to the real-life situation while a case study is the analysis of such situation in the shape of academic or scientific paper. Steps to Writing a Case Study If you want to write a case study without any barriers, it is important to collect enough information to use as the supportive points for your suggested solutions. Also, it is crucial to know the steps by heart. A typical case study usually includes eight sections. Synopsis (a.k.a. summary) It is a really brief review which describes the problem and necessity to solve it. Create a plan/outline to understand what should be included in your paper and what the order should be. Tell more about the area of research to your readers – it might be a review of the chosen organization (medical or legal entity, etc.) State specific theory which will be later applied The information should involve the essential questions and a full picture of the essential contents of the research Pay attention to any assumptions that you make. Sometimes, the author cannot possess all the required information, so he is allowed to make some forecasts and guesses on his own. â€Å"It has been assumed that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and similar phrases should be used then to let your reader understand that this piece of information is not 100% accurate Findings Make a list of all problems discovered during your work on the case study. Every specific analysis of the separate problem has to be followed by the facts along with the course concepts and selected theory. It is important to find out the underlying issues like in the sample: cross-cultural conflict may be the only cause of the underlying problem of dominating and discriminative ruling system of the target company The section is usually divided into several smaller sections; each of them stands for explaining another problem Discussion Take some time to demonstrate and test the most critical problems. Summarize them Define possible solutions to the basic problems. Mind that there might be several solutions to a single problem from time to time In short, outline each existing solution and then examine it regarding its pros and cons There is no need to turn to your coursework or theory in this section of your case study Conclusion Include the description of the results mentioned in the findings and discussion sections Recommendations Right, unlike other school or college essays, a case study has more sections after the concluding paragraph. First, decide which of the offered ways out should be adopted in the given situation In short, provide credible information to defend your point of view and explain to your readers how it might solve the problem You have to write this section in a forceful style meaning recommendations must be persuasive enough to ensure your audience In this part, an integration of theory and coursework may take place Implementation Of course, you have to provide information once the solution was implemented to prove whether the chosen method is really effective. Make a list of what has to be done, by whom, and when it should be implemented If it makes sense, include an approximate results/calculations of costs in both, financial and time sense References/bibliography Just as any academic paper, a case study must have a full bibliography included at the end Use all possible sources that are relevant to your topic during the entire writing process, but don’t forget to cite them properly. Also, make a list of sources you use – each time you add a quote or some statistics, put it on the list You may read more information on creating annotated bibliography here Appendices (if any) Note any unique information that is connected with your analysis but which would have interrupted the logical flow of the paper’s body A Guide to Writing a Business Case Study We have discussed the components of the medical/law/social science case study. This sort of work is also popular among business people. Thus, let’s discuss the way your business case study should look. Identify the Suitable Candidate Writing about your previous articles and researches demands more than selecting a patient and telling the story. Three things every author needs are permission, citations, and an outline. You should look for the candidates with the following features: Knowledge of product/service based on valuable facts. The person must be able to discuss the product’s value. Noticeable results. The person should be able to share his own experience and provide information which may encourage other readers to become your clients. Well-known people and brand names.  Having brand recognition can lead to 24.4X as much growth as companies without it. Switchers. Try to make your competitor’s customers like your product so that they move to your company sooner or later. Reach Out and Help Project Participants Having right people on board is possible only through opened communication in a friendly atmosphere. It involves sharing information like personal experience, skills, knowledge, and expectations. It will help to come up with the specific timeline. The best way is to kick off the process by sending an email to each potential participant with the details like the right to use the brand name, share personal information with the third party, results, etc. Do not forget to include the following elements in this stage: Case study release form (first, it is important to provide the basic information on your organization) Success story letter (it may be an email; work on your plan to include it in this letter) The acceptance (make sure to receive the approval from the target person) The questionnaire or poll (come up with the set of corresponding questions) The interview (the series of custom questions is required) The draft review (you have to check your writing at least twice) The final approval (once you scan and edit all information) Are You Asking the right Questions? To get the desired answers, you have to set up questions logically. Try to make them more specific than general. Each section should lead to the particular solution to mention it later in the case study. Think about: Your project’s goals Analysis of the possible organization’s challenges What makes your readers believe that your product/service is better than your rival’s What did your decision-making process look like Applicable ways for your product The problem can be solved only through properly stated questions. "The Golden Rule of Interviewing" is something you may need to understand the nature of interviewing. Make the client tell more about his own business or existing problem. Why does he or she need this information? Why is this person important for your case study? Such facts will help to identify the solution more accurately. It is important to guide your clients through the entire decision-making process. Provide help with filling out various forms. This process turns into implementation stage where the solution is used in practice. Don’t start writing an introduction before the result is obtained. The solution will help to understand how the customer is using the product, its benefits, and further actions. Finally, in the results section, the author must uncover impressive measurable outcomes with the help of specific figures. It is crucial to interpret each number to your readers properly. The questions in this section might include: How is the product/service helping clients save time and increase productivity? In what ways your competitive advantage is built? How much have you raised metrics known as X, Y, and Z? Make a Layout When the time comes to turn the entire information into the written content, it is hard to write down even an introduction. Often, students and business people get lost at this point even though the previous stages were completed successfully. The most important thing is that there is no universal structure of introduction, body, and conclusion for your case study paper. Unlike a regular school essay or college research paper, a case study may have many different shapes. For instance, you can support your paper with facts only, or you can demonstrate your findings and results with the help of visual elements. Visual content is extremely popular among business people. Now that we have discussed how the text of the scientific case study can be divided, it’s time to find out how a business case study can be structured. Title:  Keep it brief. It can be provided with the help of the most compelling achievement. Executive Summary:  Do not include more than 3 sentences as the review of the study. Include up to three bullet points to show the metrics responsible for success. About:  Make an introduction to the people or organization. Here is a valuable tip: use information posted on the person’s or company’s LinkedIn profile or official website. Challenges:  The section should not include more than 3 paragraphs that tell about the client’s challenges and goals, prior to using your offer. This action also involves objectives set by the client. How You Helped:  As a mentor in the story, you should take the time to explain your role in finding the solution to the problem. It implies that you have already provided the possible ways out. Results:  Once again, the section should not contain more than three paragraphs. To provide readers with analysis of your work and understand whether the solution was effective, ask your participants to provide different testimonials. This specific feedback is a good proof of your competence. Include numbers to quantify your contributions. Extra Visuals or Citations:  The last page should include a bibliography, so it is obvious that certain amount of resources have to be used throughout the case study paper. 2-3 good quotes would be enough to describe and support the problem or solution. Now that you know how to write a case study at both scientific and business level, you may try doing it on your own. If you have any troubles with any of the sections or entire content, it is better to order professional case study paper from the trusted website.

Trade Union Decline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Trade Union Decline - Essay Example due to the implementation of varied types of macroeconomic policies, the rate of productivity and performance of the employees enhanced but it decreased the power of trade unions in these organizations. Due to which, the density of trade unions as well as the power of the members of the unions reduced that offered negative impacts over the productivity and brand value of the organization in the market among others. Other than this, as the rate of private sector organizations are increasing rather than manufacturing sectors, the demand for trade or labour unions is decreasing in varied countries such as United States, United Kingdom, and European Union etc. Due to which, over last 25 years, the demand of trade unions is decreasing at a rapid rate (Visser, 2002, pp. 734-745). Trade union is recognised as an association of a wide range of wage-earned members in order to amplify the working conditions and living standard of the employees of the organization. Other than this, the trade union is considered as the association that works for the welfare of the employees so as to amplify their dominance and position in the organization as compared to management. Moreover, it also tries to fulfil all sorts of desires such as pension, medical allowance, incentives, and bonuses of the workers so as to motivate them towards the assigned tasks that may improve the overall productivity of the organization. However, the demand of trade unions is decreasing as the amount of private sector organizations such as catering, IT organizations etc is increasing at a rapid pace as compared to manufacturing organizations. The trade unions act as a catalyst for the workers operating in different organizations. This is mainly because; it works always in favour of the employees by highlighting their needs and requirements (Snell & Bohlander, 2010, pp. 812-823). Trade union members communicate with all the employees of the organization so as to analyse their requirements such as pensions,

How is the Future portrayed in the novels, WE by Zamyatin and 1984 by Research Paper

How is the Future portrayed in the novels, WE by Zamyatin and 1984 by Orwell And What do the authors warn us against - Research Paper Example well and Zamyatin didnt actually believe was going to happen, but they both feared that the societies of the world would be going down those roads, so they wrote their dystopian novels about this. There are a variety of things that Orwell was warning us in his novel, and these themes are reflected in We. One is that there should not be a country that is too powerful, because that reduces the freedom of the citizenry. Related to this is the warning about tyranny – if the government is too powerful, then it represses its citizens. Repression and censorship, which comes when a government is tyrannical, is another warning that Orwell sounds, and, with this, comes sexual repression. This essay will be structured in the following ways – first, the concept that a government may become too powerful will be examined, by looking at how this is portrayed in each of the novels. This really is the central tenet of each of the novels, because a government that is too powerful is one that will react like the governments do in each of these novels. First, Orwell seems to be cautioning against the idea that any one country could become too powerful. The slogan in the future was â€Å"War is Peace, freedom is slavery, ignorance is strength† (Orwell 26). The implication in the novel is that there are three super states that are at perpetual war with one another (Williams 12). That said, although some might misinterpret the novel as being against socialism or communism, in that, during this period of time, the Soviet Union was still a super power, therefore could be construed as being one of the superstates in the novel, Williams (12) states that this was not what was intended – rather, he did intend this to be an attack on a centralised economy in general. It was a full perversion of the centralised government that went beyond what was happening in the Soviet Union during this time. As with everything else in this novel, he took the concept of centralised government to the

Building Economics And Life Cycle Costs Construction Essay

Building Economics And Life Cycle Costs Construction Essay Economic understanding regarding building designs usually aim for steering building decisions to achieve for two situations: economic efficiency and/or cost effectiveness. For instance, a building design that, besides assuring to be profitable is promising to be more profitable than other available solutions, can be considered to be the economically efficient choice for an investor. Yet, a building decision that is considered cost-effective, guarantees, for instance, that a design solution with benefits equal or better to those of competing alternatives has lower costs. Cost-effectiveness is thus understood as a subset of economic efficiency; yet, both conditions can appear in one solution, but dont have to. The use of optimization thus reflects the strategy of achieving specific economic goals. Consequently, by minimizing life-cycle costs or maximizing net benefits, an economic analysis is applied to determine the most cost-effective or the economic efficient choice respectively . Overview The reflection and analysis of life-cycle costs (LCC) is an economic evaluation technique that determines the total amount of cost of a product or project over time. Having in common that the role is to provide insight in future matters regarding all occurring costs, LCC assessment in business organizations today, serves mainly three purposes : To be an effective engineering tool for use in design, planning and project execution To be a design and engineering tool for environmental purposes To be applied proactively in cost management. A similar understanding applies to the building sector. With the increasing need to deliver economic solutions, developers, designers, planners, engineers and managers try to foresee, steer and control costs at all stages of a buildings life-cycle. By overseeing a building projects inherent costs and directing attention toward its root causes, building projects can get useful decision support before, during and after its realization, performed on large and small buildings, on partial building elements, or on isolated building systems . Throughout the design, development and operation of building projects, LCC can thus be successfully used to compare alternatives to find the most cost effective solution . With the growing pressure of governments to hold companies responsible for the costs that their products generate to society and its environment, consumers are likely to benefit from the use of LCC assessment. Sustainable building strategies require foreseeing a reduction and control of significant LCC, such as energy costs for projected building designs. Consequently, organizations such as the National Institute for Building Science or the Whole System Integrative Process (WSIP, 2006) demand for early integration of cost related planning issues into the building design process. Eventually, future building designs that are less costly may also be considered better in terms of quality when all costs of a buildings life-cycle are adequately included. A strong commitment of building design is thus to enhance the practical value of buildings. While the value of products is defined as proportionate to the satisfaction of needs divided by the use of resources, its value is proportionate to quality divided by costs . Value-driven building designs therefore require being both: quality driven and cost conscious. In addition, probably the most important condition for resource optimization is appreciation of the built structure by its users: only buildings that are valued will achieve a long lifespan (Eberle, 2007). Proactive cost management is understood as an effort to eliminate product costs before they occur, as opposed to reducing costs after they are incurred, which is considered reactive cost management . Expecting the design and planning of building projects to be proactive view is inevitable, since changes in the later planning and execution phases or even during building operation become more and more difficult to deal with. Especially during initial design stage, the consideration of LCC can help designers to make their decision-making process become more cost efficient . In reality, a proactive involvement of cost might not be the case. Essentially, comparisons or studies on the building design and its influence on the cost of building operations over the life of a building are barely explored during the early design phase. If of any concern, financial aspects during early stages of design are mainly focusing on preventing uncontrolled cost expansion of initial, predominantly constru ction costs. The possibility of actively integrating all LCC members during the early design stages remains difficult to achieve as current methods of sequential design and cost estimation make it hard to foresee the impact of investment and to reduce building operation costs to an extent that would change the perception of these capital costs. In addition, the implementation of such proactive cost management quite often incurs more costs up front, for instance for the extended amount of research and development that projects then require for. Such consequences, and with them the traditional view on cost management can easily challenge the implementation of proactive consideration of LCC assessment, where necessary time and funding for the early stages of design and planning appears insufficient . A consideration of proactive design understanding and its use of LCC assessment thus also involve necessary changes in terms of thinking, such as from a partial focus to holistic thinking (Eberle, 2010), from structure orientation to process orientation or from cost allocation to cost tracing . Life Cycle Cost (LCC) With emphasis on cost-effectiveness the consideration of life-cycle costs (LCC) is used to evaluate competing alternatives primarily on the basis of costs, allowing for choices for a given building, facility or system. The method is to compute the LCC for a particular course of action by summing all significant, time adjusted costs associated with it over the relevant period of time. The method of using LCC is thus applicable to building decisions that require for cost related decision-support, such as system modification, replacements or combinations of interdependent budgets, budget allocations, or lease or buy decisions. Yet, it is also applicable for the evaluation of competing building designs; suitable, when focusing on cost rather than benefits for two or more mutually exclusive project alternatives. Typically, the analysis or assessment of LCC includes all initial and future costs that are affected by the decision and excludes others that are not. The exclusion of costs is no t necessarily required when their contribution can help to better understand the impact between cost consideration and the amount of improvement (Ruegg Marshall, 1990). LCC of building projects are often distinguished according to the building projects phase and are likely to be separated into initial (capital) cost, operational and post-operational costs Pushkar et al. (Pushkar, et al., 2005). Figure 2.x: Life-cycle Costs of a building life cycle The diagram in Figure 2.x illustrates the occurrence of different LCC members of the BVO model over growing operation time. It also demonstrates the increasing significance of continuous, operation costs over a projects running time, as its percentage of the total expenditure steadily increases compared to the initial investments at the project commencement. Net Present value (NPV) Besides LCC considerations of evaluating building designs, economic understanding of monetary systems requires to foresee their change of value over time, due to inflation, its investment to generate future profit, or both. In the building sector, the most commonly used methods of LCC assessment are accounting systems, initially developed to determine the financial worth of an investment; they are as follows : Simple payback: defined as the time taken for the return on an investment to repay the investment. Net present value: defined as the sum of money that needs to be invested today to meet all future financial requirements as they arise throughout the life of the investment. Internal rate of return: defined as the percentage earned on the amount of capital invested in each year of the life of the project after allowing for the repayment of the sum originally invested. LCC analysis is commonly performed using present value currency representation. In the following, the use of net present value is explained more closely as it has been implemented in the BVO model as it complies with the decision to use LCC for the assessment of design and its use allows for appropriate representation of costs elements in reference to their timely occurrence. The use and implementation of Net Present Value (NPV) models enables the adjustment of currency amounts in relation to their time of occurrence. It is thus a considerable measure when include costs elements of different time occurrences. The NPV is thus typically suggested to analyze the profitability of long term investments or projects, or the evaluation of available options (Dale, 1993). Essentially, it compares the value of money today to the value of that same amount in the future, taking inflation and returns into account. Among others, Ruegg (1990) defines the net present value as: (x) , where is the estimated cost in year t, d is the discount rate, and T is the period of analysis in years. The NPV of a building project takes into account all the apparent variables acting upon a cash stream; it is thus sensitive to the  reliability of future cash inflows that an investment or project will yield.  If the NPV is positive, it should be accepted. However, if NPV is negative, the project should possibly be rejected because cash flows will also be negative. Discount rate The discount rate is a method of determining the time value of money. To prevent the value of investment eroding by the effects of inflation, the factor of inflation can be integrated into the discount rate, known as the net of inflation discount rate and calculated as : (x) For instance, if inflation is 5% per annum and interest is received at 10%, then: (x) Thus, to make the influence of the discount rate become realistic it requires for reliable input to foresee the appropriate adjustment of financial aspect of interest and inflation. Similar to the typically practiced modification of construction costs that are based of earlier cases, such modification is necessary for future costs to remain representative. The accuracy of predicting and adjusting the monetary value may appear, however, problematic with growing life-time estimations of a building, as long term predictions become increasingly vague. Setting the study period The consideration of a LCC study period is expected to relate to the following factors such as the investors and stakeholders projected time horizon, the anticipated life time of the building, project, etc., the decision whether to accept or reject the choice, or whether the perspective is individually private or public perspective oriented. For instance, an investor or project developer might only be interested in short term cost as it is intended in creating revenue from the sale of the finished building project, while a building owner or operator might rather focus on evaluation the operative cost of a building design and their involvement over the complete life-cycle. When considering the overall sustainability of a building project, the complete life-cycle must be considered and anticipated. LCC assembly Buildings LCC are categorized by the three phases that they go through during their life-cycle. They are the initial or capital cost (1) at the beginning of a building project that involve its planning, design and realization, the operational cost (2) occurring during the buildings active phase of use, and the post-operational cost (3) that assemble the costs at a building lifes end. Though the three life cycle phases for buildings are clearly defined, their transition at a specific point of time can be vague, for example a building might already be partly operating while other areas of the building are still under construction. Figure 2.x describes the three phases and their overlapping character of transition between them. Figure 2.x: A buildings life-cycle phases In addition, operational phases can be interrupted, or at least obstructed by renovation or refurbishment phases to ensure or reinstall a buildings quality and use. For instance, building developments of industrialized countries with a high demand on energy costs, suggest that a buildings life-cycle performance can be improved when taking a renovation period of 25-30 years with a constant improvement of the buildings insulation properties into account . Figure 2.x describes how the buildings life cycles can be extend through periodic renovations and/or refurbishments. Figure 2.x: Extend a buildings operational phase through periodical renovations and refurbishments Initial (Capital) Cost The initial (capital) cost comprises all the costs necessary that ensure the building realization up to the moment of its active building use. Occurring costs are thus not only the construction of a building but also all related processes of project planning and development that are involved such as: Land costs, such as costs for acquisitions and necessary preparation of land. Professional fees, which apply for involvement of building planning professionals such as architect, engineer, lawyer, etc. Construction Cost, encompass all cost for the erection of the building and installment of projected building systems Commissioning Cost, comprising all cost applicable to certify necessary fulfillment of standards and requirements or the approval for building operations of building systems involved. Promotional and sale cost, for informing the  prospects  about special discounts,  sale, or  schemes. Funding costs, In general,  price  of obtaining  equity capital Management costs, comprising all cost necessary for the organizing  and  coordinating  the  activities  of an enterprise in accordance with certain  policies  and in achievement of project realization. Operational Cost The operational phase encompasses all the cost necessary to utilize and use the building according to its original purpose. Operational cost are becoming more and more noticeable over the life cycle of a project; due to the long period of building use they can grow significantly bigger than initial costs (). For instance, when à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ According to Ruegg and Marshall (1990), operational costs can be identified as: Energy Costs, includes necessary fuel and all applicable energy costs Operation and Maintenance Cost, includes non-fuel operation costs, such as management, cleaning, servicing, rates and taxes, sewerage, salvage, funding costs, routine maintenance, furnishings, supply à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (check Ruegg) Repair and Refurbishment Costs, includes appraisal of all foreseen and estimated cost for repair or replacements of building systems or elements during a buildings use. Post-Operational Cost Post-operational cost includes the collection of all cost necessary cost that may appear at a building end of use. Mostly due to economic needs or owner related circumstances the buildings operational use becomes infeasible and a variety of options require to be considered. Unlike industrial products, the end of a buildings life cycle does not necessarily determine the end of a buildings life but instead refers to the end of a buildings original determined use. A building can thus have more than one operational cycle, when through post-operational interventions a new cycle of building use can be created. Post-operational cost can thus be categorized as Renovations Cost, represent minor repairs and makeovers necessary to maintain or reinstall building quality and use. Refurbishment Cost, include the cost necessary for major overhauls of buildings or building elements that otherwise result in obsolete building conditions. Refurbishment may also include the change of a buildings original use. Demolition, Disassembly and Recycling Cost likely occur at the end of a building life cycle. While in typical product life cycle the terms represent individual strategies involving separate specifications and costs, contemporary building removals mostly include the three them associating to separate treatment of individual buildings elements. Moreover, a number of regained materials and building elements may even create cost reduction due to their existing value possible reuse or recycling purposes. Sale, though the sale of a building does not essentially represent a cost per se, such case can occur when the new owner faces major difficulties for further use of the facility (i.e. due to contamination). Still, even if not a cost, the sale of a building can be used for LCC considerations, for instance if the sale of a building can be seen as a considerable reduction of buildings LCC due to the buildings inherited value. LCC declaration During a programming phase of building projects, cost estimations require to determine individual element of cost or benefits. To do such Tempelmans Plat (2001) points out that each demand and supply requires being determined in terms of quality, quantity, time and money. While quite often there is no or little basis of estimating future cost, estimations of future costs start by reflecting the current cost or benefit values as point of departure. Since cost estimations are subject to time related changes, costs or benefits require thought, whether to expect fundamental changes in the demand and supply of goods and services in question over time, or if considerable change of service or quality of goods are to be expected. If there is no sound basis to believe otherwise, it deems appropriate to assume that changes of prices will be approximately the same as prices in general (Ruegg Marshall, 1990). Still, the estimation of all cost elements usually poses a major difficulty due to their probabilistic nature and the distinctive character between individual costs elements. Common uncertainties for the prediction of long-life projects are: its life-cycles prediction, the interpretation of operation and maintenance costs, revenues and unforeseen or unpredictable factors that affect project economics. Since dealing with so many unknowns, it appears difficult to anticipate cost and benefit related developments. Existing methods of dealing with high risk exposure are best guess, relating to individual risk attitudes and risk adjustment through the introduction of methods using probability and statistics (Ruegg Marshall, 1990). The consideration of a LCC study period is expected to relate to the following factors such as the investors and stakeholders projected time horizon, the anticipated life time of the building, project, etc., the decision whether to accept or reject the choice, or whether the perspective is individually private or public perspective oriented. For instance, an investor or project developer might only be interested in short term cost as it is intended in creating revenue from the sale of the finished building project, while a building owner or operator might rather focus on evaluation the operative cost of a building design and their involvement over the complete life-cycle. When considering the overall sustainability of a building project, the complete life-cycle must be considered and anticipated. Cost estimation during early design stages During a schematic design phase of a building design, traditionally only construction costs are estimated. Such procedure comes with the disadvantage that long term costs that, if considered, may significantly influence design outcomes are usually not reflected. The practice of introducing operational and/or post operational costs thus require for designers specific estimation and understanding to prevent a decision-making and in a premature design situation. Since experiences of cost estimation for construction costs originate from knowledge gained during earlier comparable projects, a case-based oriented approach, such as suggested by Sowa and Hovestadt (2008), can also be used and practiced for other LCC members. Because such estimation and declaration of costs generally requires for extensive experience, the use and creation of databases that allow for differentiation and declaration may not easily compensate for. Cost estimators usually have considerable experience gained through working in the building construction industry, estimating and monitoring building costs through all the stages realization stages of a project (NIBS, 2010). The estimation of cost thus not only require for skills such as a clear judgment and straightforward attitude, but for qualities such as awareness, uniformity, consistency, verification, documentation, evaluation, and analysis . Yet, with the growing complexity of building projects, it seems vital to have the cost estimations involved right from the very beginning to ensure that the project estimations reflect the decisions made. Especially during the early design stage, changes will require estimates to be prepared at different levels during the design process with increasing degrees of information provided. At any point of a design, not all portions of the design would be at the same level of completeness. Yet typical, such contingencies for the aforementioned will be reduced as more design documentation is produced (NIBS, 2010). For instance, the estimation of construction costs typically corresponds to the phases of the building design and development process in a top-down manner, meaning that cost estimates improve their precision and detailing with the progressing stages of design realization. In addition, cost estimates usually try to comply with considered standards within the building industry. In the United States, for instance, a widely accepted system provided for cost estimates is the UniFormatà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ or, for later planning stages the MasterFormatà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ (CSI, 2011) system, which allows design teams to evaluate  alternative building designs and systems. In Europe, cost estimates are usually practiced according to DIN regulations such as the DIN 276/277 for cost estimation and declaration of building designs (Frà ¶hlich, 2007). A building projects first cost estimates can already appear during the architectural programming phase with the purpose to facilitate budgetary and feasibility determinations. Usually based on past information with adjustments made for specific project conditions such estimates are prepared to develop a project budget. At such level, design schemes normally do not yet exit, required data for cost appraisals are thus drawn from general functional description, schematic layout, and geographic location, building size expressed as floor-area, numbers of people, seats, cars, etc., and intended use. Respective estimates are thus based on costs per square units, and/or alternatively number of cars/rooms/seats, etc. During the schematic design phase, the purpose of estimate is to create a more complete assessment that is typically based on a better definition of the scope of work. While also compared to earlier budgetary and feasibility determinations, an estimate at this level may be used to price various design schemes in order to see which scheme best fits the budget, or it may be used to price various design alternatives, or construction materials and methods for comparison. The more developed schematic design criteria such as a detailed building program, schematic drawings, sketches, renderings, diagrams, conceptual plans, elevations, sections and preliminary specifications are reflected. Available information is typically supplemented with descriptions of soil and geotechnical conditions, utility requirements, foundation requirements, construction type/size determinations, and any other information that may have an impact on the estimated construction cost. The goal at the end of schematic design is to have a design scheme, program, and estimate that can be contained within budget . Net Benefits (NB) LCC considerations are typically used to make cost-effective choices, as its technique is to compare alternatives competing primarily on the basis of costs (Ruegg Marshall, 1990). Yet, if a building design is planned to generate revenue, a comparison of invested costs to its predicted returns can help to determine advantages between designs options. In such case, the method of calculating the net benefits (NB) of a building option is considered an applicable way of finding the most economically efficient choice among alternatives. In such case, the calculation of NB is achieved by subtracting the time-adjusted costs of an investment from its time-adjusted benefits (Ruegg and Marshall, 1990). In relation to building-volume optimization, because the optimization of cost is generally expected to steer a building-volume design towards minimized volume/surface ratio, window/opening ratio and/or net surface areas, the integration of revenue considerations can help to justify the amount of indispensable volume reduction when practicing BVO. Similar to cost considerations, the estimation of buildings projected revenue can be established by floor-area declarations. In addition, while a buildings annual income is expected to change depended on its market value over the span of a buildings life-cycle; the diagram in figure 2.x shows how a buildings generated income can be perceived as originating from a products marketing perspective, which consists of at least four stages of introduction, growth, maturity and decline . Figure 2.x: A products marketing perspective over a life cycle. Source: Kà ¶nig (2009) The prediction of generating buildings revenue thus requires for understanding and forecasting these changes over a given period; its moments of rise and decline that strongly depend on a buildings perceived value and its decay due to intensity of use (elaborate further, see Koenig). Shown in Figure 2.x, when plotting a typical development of cost and revenue predictions the financial profitability of building occurs at point a, and becomes obsolete when the cost of become larger than the income generated. Such situation appears at operation time b with operation cost appearing higher than the income; at least at this point the buildings economic purpose becomes unsuccessful. Figure 2.x Cost vs. Revenue. Source: Kà ¶nig (2009) When adapting a buildings foreseen lifecycle to this understanding, a buildings lifetime and the creation of revenue can be exceeded by interference of the maturity process through possible renovation or refurbishment measures. In Figure 2.x a buildings generated income during a foreseen life-cycle may thus be illustrated by separating the building operation period by new construction constructions phases that are required for the renovation and/or refurbishment of the building. Figure 2.x: A buildings generated income extended through renovation and refurbishment top. Source: Kà ¶nig (2009) In reality, the periods between theses interventions very much vary from the owners intention to keep high-level building quality or the necessity to prevent a building from becoming obsolete or having higher operation costs that income. From an economic standpoint, interventions to improve the buildings ideally take place when profitability can be increased or maintained. For instance, Kà ¶nig et al. (2009) suggest that, in an industrialized country, a replacement and improvement of buildings insulation performance should take place after a period of 20-30 years. Especially with the amount of operation costs strongly increasing due to continuously rising energy costs, the need for innovations and improvement for reducing buildings energy consumptions became highly prominent. Finally, because a clear definition of a buildings income require for experiences of earlier comparable cases, the use of existing data are necessary to help predicting the revenue curve and the point of interventions for necessary building improvements. An optimization, particularly of passive resource oriented building improvement thus depends on well implemented predictions and assumptions of a buildings foreseen life-cycle and performances. Yet, when of a designer existing experience or the amount available data is not sufficient and/or its quality is questionable, the building-volume optimization process may clearly suffer from it. Conclusion The use of assessing life-cycle costs (LCC) is seen as tool that helps associating estimated costs over a projects foreseen life span. LCC of a building or a building system are defined as the total discounted amount of cost of owning, operating, maintaining and disposing over a defined period of time . The consideration to use life-cycle cost as an objective for the BVO model is based on its ability to include different building costs over a specified period, allowing for comparison and impact analysis between, for instance, initial and operational costs. The establishment of LCC as an objective for building performance optimization thus defines the primary BVO model goal. To be effective, the attempt of reducing overall building costs requires for a cost distribution that allows for effective declaration and activation of significant building elements during early architectural design stages. According to volume geometry, this can be building-volume surfaces as well as building flo or-areas. With the possibility to link costs to selected areas, the model requires a wider variation of costs to be successful. Because early design stages mostly refer to estimated costs; cost distribution and specification is more likely to be based on users experience or existing available data originating from earlier comparable building design cases . For the BVO model currently only initial and operational have been integrated because convincing and direct associations between post-operational costs and building elements at a buildings lifes end are hard to foresee and the available options appear diverse. Still, eventual costs for the renovation or refurbishment of buildings or building parts can be integrated as they are usually more common and estimations based on area declaration exist. While the main aim of the BVO model lies in the improvement of the buildings geometry (volume of the building) and not in the building system that eventually operates it, the induced process is understood as to eliminate or reduce the amount of incurring cost of a projected design before they occur. Once a building-volume design is established, system considerations may then further reduce costs by means of using appropriate technology as practiced by engineers. As mentioned earlier, Eberle (2007) suggested that active and passive design features are responsive towards each other, thus the priority in the design process should aim for optimizing passive design features first as they do not require the use of additional resources. Because constant definitions already include premade assumptions and partial definitions on an incorporated system they should be chosen wisely as not to affect unrealistic results. BVO design is thus understood proactive, as its primary intention is the improving passive design elements of the building-volume. Yet, the integration of LCC helps to understand significance of individual cost members and effectively use the diff